Int J Infect Dis 45:e5Ībraham NS, Miao Y (2015) The nature of immune responses to urinary tract infections. Sci Rep 6:1–14Ībraham O (2016) Appropriate therapy for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Antibiotics 3:174–192Ībby SS, Cury J, Guglielmini J et al (2016) Identification of protein secretion systems in bacterial genomes. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence OMP:Ībbo LM, Hooton TM (2014) Antimicrobial stewardship and urinary tract infections. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus NACA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis MSSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis MRSE: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry MDR: Intra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli LPS: Infectious Diseases Society of America InCOM: Integrative and conjugative element IDSA: KeywordsĬarbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli cUTI:Įuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ESBL:Įxtra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli GNB: The aim of this review paper was to summarize current developments in the global burden of UTI, the diagnostic aspects of these infectious pathologies, the possible etiological agents and their virulence determinants (with a special focus on the members of the Enterobacterales order), current guidelines and quality indicators in the therapy of UTIs and the emergence of multidrug resistance in urinary pathogens. There is increasing demand for further research to advance diagnostics and treatment options, and to improve care of the patients. Nevertheless, many studies highlight the fact that the etiological agents in UTIs have changed considerably, both in nosocomial and community settings, with a shift towards “less common” microorganisms having more pronounced roles. The epidemiology, species-distribution and susceptibility-patterns of uropathogens vary greatly in a geographical and time-dependent manner and it also strongly correlated with the reported patient population studied. In addition, urine specimens are one of the most frequently submitted samples for culture to the clinical microbiology laboratory, exceeding the number of most of the other sample types. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common infections in human medicine worldwide, recognized as an important public health concern to healthcare systems around the globe.
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